Objective: The leisure time is appeared to be new social area which have been conceptualized and defined as product of modernity within the context of social and cultural changes and increasing consumption culture. The study of leisure time as a socio-cultural process and investigating its distinctions in terms of various patterns of social inequality is a novel interest in the sociology of leisure time. Therefore, regarding the young structure of Iranian population and the importance of inquiring social characteristics of leisure patterns, this paper concerns to study the patterns of management of leisure time and different forms of social inequality affecting it among Iranian young people (15-29 years old). Method: This study is based on secondary analysis of data extracted from the national survey of socio-economic characteristics of Iranian households in 2001 Statistics Center of Iran.Findings and Conclusion: The results emphasize on symbolic importance of leisure in youth lives and its significant relationship with the different forms of social inequality in society studied, that is, the context in which the youth have different access to leisure opportunities and chances, and the different styles of leisure are experiences in terms of the forms of social inequality such as spatial, gender, ethnic, and class inequalities.

This study evaluates the conditions of prioritizing social media as a mean for spending leisure time, the way people use social media, and its negative and positive impacts from the viewpoint of users. It aws carried out via grounded theory approach and qualitative interviews with 10 active users. According to the results of data analysis, four factors were pinpointed as the main underlies of using social media as a mean for spending leisure time, including communication needs, leisure needs, technological needs, and the need for various experiences. Three main positive impacts of social media are growth of communication abilities, psychological effects, and improvement of individual interests. On the other hand, it has negative impacts on family and social relations, physical and mental health and individual effects. Technological-technical effects and mental-psychological are activity continuity factors. The result of this research confirmed a process of replacing the virtual leisure with real leisure and Combining the concepts of work and leisure for users.

The present study aimed to systematically review the recent researches in the field of leisure time physical activity using managerial approach. This study was a secondary study that has been done in systematic review method. In doing so, firstly to determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria, an evaluation form was prepared and its face validity was then confirmed by 5 experts in the field of sport and leisure management. In the initial search for data collection, based on pre-determined key words, 831 articles were recognized between 2005 to 2018-time period. Considering the research inclusion criteria, 101 articles were analyzed. In sum, 280 textual propositions were identified. Afterwards the detected textual propositions were summarized into the 185 items. In the next step, these 185 propositions were divided into four categories: a- motivators, b- concepts or barriers, c- outcomes, d- the change-needed fields. So, it is suggested to key decision makers to have a comprehend attention on issues contributed to providing participation necessities for all segments of the population (i.e. vulnerable groups) by promoting inter-organizational collaborations.

Today, spending leisure time and planning for it, is one of the developing indexes’ in society. This study had done for the purpose of developing a model for students’ leisure time. the research method was qualitative with a grounded theory approach. To collect data, a deep interview with leisure time professionals’ was conducted. The samples were selected purposefully using sequential chains (until theoretical adequacy of data). The interpretative analysis approach was used to analyze the content of the interviews using open, axial, and selective coding. The validity of the interviews by reviewing and refining the findings and the reliability of the interviews by audit process (documentation) and intra-subject agreement (0. 86) were confirmed. The content analysis of the interviews led to the identification of 62 key concepts that were integrated into 8 categories. Regarding leisure activities as a central issue, six factors including drivers, individual factors, social and environmental factors, government factors, management factors, and challenges affect the selection of leisure activities. Leisure time and how it passes through is influenced by several factors. In order to improve students’ leisure activities, should consider individual factors, drivers, social and environmental factors, government factors, management factors, and existing challenges.

Objectives: substanceabuseis one of the mostimportantintricacythat threaten the health of different people especially youths and unemployment is also a problem in developing and third world countries that in addition to evil economic consequences is said as a tendency toward crime, guilt and mental diseases. Some studies show a relation between tendency toward substance use and unemployment and all of these researches show that unemployment is a risk factor for substance use. Unemployment persons relate with a lot of people in a day and they have a lot of leisure that spend with others and do activities during a day. The aim of this study was to compare leisure between two groups of Iranian unemployed male youths; drug users and non-users.Method: This casual comparative study enrolled 200 unemployed young men (20 -30 years) who had referred to job centers ofIsfahan. The subjects, selected via cluster random sampling: were divided into two groups: group I: those who had used substance during the first 6 months after unemployment (n=65) and group two: those who had not used any illicit drugs during this period (n=135). The two groups were compared in terms of leisure. Some instances such as: unemploying for at least 6 months, lack of substance using before unemployment, aware satisfaction in cooperation with research are used as entering criteria and experience of mental diseases and substance use before employment used as exit criteria.Data collecting means was checklist that was made by researchers. This checklist was prepared after review of reference and qualitative study in unemployed who refer to employment centers of Isfahan and they didn't use substance after 6 months of unemployment. It was questioned from unemployment in research about period of unemployment and do you used substance until and if they used substance they should answered "when they used for first time". If person had used substance before unemployment, he was thanked and that checklist didn't give him. Filling of check list was lasted 15minutes by any sample.Findings: Statistically there isn't meaningful relation between married situation and education level, age and number of family member in two groups of unemployed who used and not used substance(P<0/05).Average of numbers of time in each day such as: listening to music, fiiendly speaking, participated persons in friendly speaking, addicted participated in friendly speaking, friendly speaking with addicted persons were reported more in unemployed who used substance when compared with non used unemployed (P<0/05).Our logistic regression model showed that substance use could be predicted by mean hours of friendly speaking with addicted a day in last week (OR=2/606,CI: 1/600-4/244 , P<0.001),mean hours of friendly speaking with non addicted a day in last week (OR=1/122,CI: 1/025-1/229, P=0/013).Results: in this research numbers of friendly speaking time with addicted and non addicted are predicators of substance use in unemployed male youths. It is suggested that policy makers pay attention to this factors in their macroprograms about fight against opiates.

The aim of this study was to design a leisure time model for students across the country. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and was conducted in the field. Qualitative snowball sampling was performed. The statistical population consisted of professors of sport management and sociology who had educational and research activities in the field of leisure time. According to the method of sequential sampling (increasing the sample size until the theoretical adequacy was reached), the sample size in the qualitative section was 14 persons. Also, the sample size in the quantitative section according to the size of the statistical population (2431286) using Cochran formula, included 1627 students. In-depth interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were used for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0. 89). The research data were coded in the qualitative section with an interpretive approach and in the quantitative section were analyzed using correlation tests (Spearman and linear regression) and comparisons (one-sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance). The results showed that Internet use had a negative effect on leisure time satisfaction. Also, the availability of recreational facilities increased access to sports activities, and increased levels of wellbeing are associated with increased levels of leisure time satisfaction. Finally, the leisure time model was formulated with six factors influencing leisure choice (including propulsion, individual factors, social and environmental factors, management factors, government factors, and challenges) and the consequences of leisure time.

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disease that affects sensory motor, cognitive perceptual and psychosocial abilities and can influence most performance areas. Occupational therapy sees leisure time and related activities among the most important parts of human life. This qualitative research was performed to describe the attitudes and experiences of people with MS in Ahvaz, Iran about leisure time activities.Method: This descriptive phenomenological study used purposeful sampling to select subjects from members of MS Association of Khuzestan province and occupational and physiotherapy clinics in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (2011). Data saturation was achieved with 11 interviews. The study involved secondary analysis of in-depth transcribed semi-structured interview data, using Colaizzi's method.Results: Nine preliminary structural elements (subthemes) and 4 essential structural elements (themes) emerged from the analysis of the subthemes in one main domain of attitude and experience of people with MS about leisure time activities. The participants categorized the effects of leisure on human performance into 2 subthemes (physical and mental performance) resulting in one theme (importance and aim of leisure). Besides, based on their ways of passing leisure time (individual style and group style) 3 subthemes and thus one theme (style of spending leisure) were extracted. In addition, 3 subthemes were mentioned for barriers (individual, social, and environmental barriers) that resulted in "leisure obstacles" as a theme. Finally, 2 subthemes were suggested for improving leisure time (personal and social role to leisure improvement) that demonstrated a theme (leisure suggestions).Conclusion: The findings showed that leisure activities are also affected as a result of various physical and mental performance limitations in people with MS. Experiences of participants in this study expressed the importance of leisure from different aspects. Moreover, although these people spend their leisure time in individual or group activities, they face several obstacles including personal, social, and environmental barriers. In order to improve the quality of leisure for MS patients, more attention needs to be paid to the role of the individual as well as the community.

How could patterns of leisure represent social identity? Whether they are sub- ordinate to the class identity or in the contemporary context of consumption and the post-modern cultural transformations, they could represent some other different social identities based on the patterns of consumption? Considering “leisure time” as a part of “life style”, the present study attempts to explore social identity. There are two parts in methodology; first the qualitative one, carried through deep interview technique; and the other, surveying through questionnaire. Results distinguish the determining role “social class”, and the combination of “gender” and social class play in modeling distinctions in leisure patterns. In other words, leisure–as the arena for individual choice- is restricted to the social class and gender –as the structural and contextual variables. The strong correlation identity has with the social class and gender denies the post- modern interpretations which emphasis on consumption as the cause of social differentiations.

Virtual leisure is one of the new type of leisure in today society that has significant impact on intergenerational relationships. Virtual social networks with quick and easy access, overlap in time and space and provide special conditions for leisure. The main purpose of the article is to study the relationship between duration of use of virtual social network as virtual leisure and audience of these networks and its effect on intergenerational relationships; with consideration of zimel and mead theories. Survey method were applied with 1200 people as sample at national level. Results indicates there is a relationship between generational period and leisure in virtual social networks, there is also a reverse relationship duration of use of the virtual social networks and interaction between generations. With increase the time duration uses of these leisure, reduction occurs in intergenerational communication in the family. Different generational groups communicate in virtual social networks. There is no relationship between intergenerational communication and audience in the virtual social networks, and communication with family and relatives, did not result strengthening generational interaction. Increased membership in social networks has caused change the leisure pattern towards an active in cyberspace; such condition has the considerable effect on intergenerational relationships and changes in lifestyle. Also, spending virtual collective leisure time, even if with the family, does not lead to the strengthening of generational relationships.